Updated June 18, 2025 at 5:45 PM CDT
The Federal Reserve held interest rates steady Wednesday, and signaled that it is on track to cut rates by 0.5 percentage point this year, even as policymakers wait to see how President Trump's tariffs and fighting in the Middle East will affect the U.S. economy.
The Fed has been in a holding pattern since December, after cutting rates by a full percentage point last year.
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And while the outlook continues to remain uncertain, Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell noted that some measures of inflation had moved up.
"Respondents to surveys of consumers, businesses and professional forecasters point to tariffs as the driving factor," Powell said at a press conference.
A statement from members of the Fed's rate-setting committee suggested that the Fed would likely cut borrowing costs by an average of half a percentage point later this year, which was similar to what they were forecasting in March, before Trump announced his worldwide tariffs.
The new projections call for slightly higher inflation and unemployment and slightly lower economic growth than policymakers expected three months ago.
Inflation hasn't risen yet, despite tariffs
Inflation has been relatively tame in recent months. But Fed officials worry that Trump's tariffs — which are the highest in nearly a century — could rekindle price pressures.
Israel's attack on Iran last week added a new wrinkle to the outlook by triggering a spike in crude oil prices. If sustained, that could jeopardize the drop in gasoline prices that has helped keep the overall cost of living in check.
Trump continues to exert pressure on Fed chief Powell
Trump has been urging the central bank to cut interest rates more aggressively, arguing that lower borrowing costs would goose the economy while also saving the federal government money on its $36 trillion debt.
Speaking to reporters at the White House Wednesday, Trump described Federal Reserve chairman Jerome Powell as, "a political guy who's not a smart person, but he's costing the country a fortune."
Bonds aren't doing well, and that's not good for America
The government's own borrowing costs are set by the bond market, which is not directly tied to the short-term rates set by the Fed. And those borrowing costs have only risen in recent months.
Bond yields ordinarily fall during times of turmoil, as investors flock to the safety of U.S. government debt. But yields on Treasury bonds unexpectedly rose last week after Israel's attack on Iran, suggesting investors are not as confident in the U.S. government's creditworthiness as they once were.
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The combination of high debt and rising bond yields can be costly not just for the government but also for taxpayers. Interest on the federal debt totaled $776 billion in the first eight months of the fiscal year — the government's third-biggest expense after Social Security and Medicare.
The higher bond yields also make mortgages, car loans and other types of consumer borrowing more expensive.
Foreign-born workforce shrinks by 1 million people
In addition to tariffs, the Fed is monitoring the combined effects of Trump's policies on taxes, regulation and immigration. Tax cuts and deregulatory moves have the potential to boost the economy while strict border controls and large-scale deportations could make it harder for businesses to find the workers they need.
The foreign-born workforce shrank by more than a million people in the last two months, according to surveys from the Labor Department.
Fewer immigrant workers could "add meaningful upward pressure to inflation by the end of the year in sectors reliant on immigrant labor such as agriculture, construction, food processing, and leisure and hospitality," Fed Governor Adriana Kugler warned in a speech this month.
Demand for workers has been cooling in recent months, but the unemployment rate remains low, at 4.2%.
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